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A Critical Analysis of the Policy Making Process in Public...

1. Introduction South Africa has changed over time and ever since the democratic elections lots of laws and policies have been changed as well. When a policy is being made it will always involve interaction between the population and the institutions that have to perform the policy making functions. Interaction takes place by means of elections, meetings between the people and officials, public opinion surveys, media campaigns, etc. No policy can be made in an disorderly manner, so if the information which is needed to decide on a new policy is not correct, no planning can be made. For example, if a policy must be made which involves the standards of schools, research surveys must be done in all the schools of the state. This must then be†¦show more content†¦The problem is the issue needs to be addressed, the player is the individual or group that is influential in forming a plan to address the problem in question, and the policy is the finalized course of action decided upon by the govern ment. (Schuster, 2009). The general public will make the government aware of an issue through writing letters and emails, or making phone calls to local government leaders, the issue is then brought forward during government meetings and the process for creating new public policies. 3.1 Key actors in public policy making process In essence Wasby (1973: 50) states that he population plays a huge role in policy making and that is why there will always be a numerous amount of role-players in policy-making. The main categories of actors in the policy making process are official actors who have statutory or constitutional responsibilities such as legislative, executive, and judiciary. Unofficial actors have participation with no explicit legal authority such as interest groups, media. Most of the critical work on public policy is done in committees, which review legislation, propose and vote on amendments, and, in the end, decide whether a bill will die at the committee level or be elevated for consideration by the full body. Legislatures consider bills submitted to them by the political executive office-bearers. The courts have the ability toShow MoreRelatedBidging The Gap Between Scholarship And Practice1200 Words   |  5 PagesThis analysis of the above journals will follow the same chronological order as the historical perspectives above. Two issues from each journal published within the last three years will be described and analyzed. Public Administration ReviewPAR volume 76 issue 1 was published in January/February 2016, volume 77 issue 2 was published in March/April 2017. 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Martyrdom’s Mass Media Manipulation Free Essays

The mass media plays an enormous role on every single aspect of society today, in every single modern culture in the world. In â€Å"Media and Martyrdom† by Faisal Devji, the author goes into great detail as to how the Islamic world, and especially Jihadists, utilize the mass media to their advantage. The jihad is defined as a series of global effects that have assumed a universality of their own. We will write a custom essay sample on Martyrdom’s Mass Media Manipulation or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is exhibited throughout all of the jihadist social order. Perhaps the most important way in which the jihad assumes its universality is through the mass media.The jihadist extremists use the availability of mass media coverage as an advantage in allowing them to really their ideals and messages, of which are usually aggressive and violent. The role of mass media in the jihad goes further than mere influence. Due in large part to the past and continued usage of mass media, the jihad has created media themes, images, visuals, and stereotypes. For most Islamic people, and a majority of the modern world, the jihad site is experienced visually, as a landscape initially made available by way of the international media, and then redacted in conversation, posters, art, literature, and many other mediums.Not only do landscapes of the jihad receive more airtime than any other object identified with Islam, but they also attract the world’s attention in unprecedented ways precisely because they are identified with Islam. In other words, jihadists are utilizing, manipulating, and controlling the coverage they receive through the international mass media. This is precisely how they effectively manage their world representation. For jihadists, martyrdom achieves absolutely zero meaning unless their actions are being witnessed in the mass media.This is obvious by the fact that martyr’s constantly leave behind videotapes after they carry out attacks, or even record the attack with intent to distribute their message through the channels of mass media. The sequence of events depicted in the videos is entirely scripted, and even include acts that are hardly an acceptable public spectacle for any traditional Muslim. A great example of such actions is the jihadist kissing his wife goodbye on camera. This is an inherently western occurrence that is simply against Muslim values. But as with all issues, there are always two different sides. The jihadist’s viewing the same exact coverage in the media has a totally different point of view. As jihadists watch mass media coverage of their actions, it is being compared to a soccer match or any other â€Å"televised spectacle† for the extremists. It is like they are cheering for their favorite team, rooting for the destruction and chaos that they hope to see transpire. I personally wholeheartedly agree with the author, and his analysis of how the Jihadists utilize mass media to their advantage.As with all news coverage in the mass media, the best place to get your information to report is directly from the source. And in this case, the source is intentionally controlling and manipulating the flow of information to the rest of the world to their advantage. I feel that the author obviously sees this, as a major problem for mass media, as do I, but unfortunately there is very little that can be done to prohibit Jihadist using mass media a tool. As the author states, martyrdom achieves meaning only by being witnessed in the mass media.The author’s argument is very well supported throughout the article. Constant relevant information is introduced throughout the article to maintain the author’s point. Pertinent and well-thought examples are also brought in to back up the author’s stance on issues. One paradigm that is made by the author is the fact that jihadists watching the same exact coverage on television look at it as a televised spectacle, similar to an American watching a playoff-sporting event. This is my favorite example that the author uses throughout the article to portray his message. Overall, I enjoyed the content that the author used to support the various arguments introduced in the article. As I briefly addressed earlier, there are two different positions that can be taken when reading and analyzing this article. The view of the Jihadist, and the view of the rest of the world are completely opposite when dissecting the work. The two views come from two basic camps of thought, that of the pro-jihadist, and that of the anti-jihadist. Depending on where you stand on the subject you will attract towards the camp of thought that is more comfortable for your ideals.For me though, and most other people engaged in the issue, except for the jihadists themselves of course, the position advocated by the author is the dominant one throughout the world today. It really is unfortunate that the entire world has to be subjected to the radical ideologies that the jihadists distribute. The only method to eradicate jihadist views and influences in mass media is to simply not show anything related to the matter. By doing so, their message will be harder to spread and as a result, less entangled in the mass media, which is for the better for the world as a whole. How to cite Martyrdom’s Mass Media Manipulation, Papers

Prison Rehabilitation Issue free essay sample

There are over 1. 5 million Americans incarcerated at this moment. With many leaving on parole, while others struggle with high re-arrest rates, many question whether prisons should rehabilitate for a substance and crime free re-entry into society. Those for rehabilitation argue that statistics support evidence that programs which educate convicts, allowing them to get G. E. D. s and participate in college programs work in helping offenders to lead better lives once outside prison walls. These arguments support that through education and drug rehabilitation that an individual enrolled in these programs has a better chance at staying free from incarceration. Non supporters of these educational programs argue that prisons should focus on justice and punishment rather than educate prisoners. Those against also support the ideas that crime will exist anyway, and that these added duties of teaching and rehabilitating are too much for staff to handle. By careful examination studies show that through rehabilitation and education offenders may be kept from returning to prison. We will write a custom essay sample on Prison Rehabilitation Issue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The main argument from the proactive side is that overall, treatment is better for addicts, who primarily fill prisons. There are four programs to assist addicts in the recovery process, therapeutic communities, short term residential treatment, and drug maintenance programs. Each of these programs has been proven to have a high success rate when it comes to the prevention of inmates returning to substance abuse and crime. Drug addiction and substance abuse has been recognized as a mental disorder which requires treatment, treatment that suites the individual and the needs that they may have, by acquiring an education and learning how to lead a drug free life. Through this level of treatment, patients get a grip and learn how to control themselves, allowing them to develop the skills needed to live without the crutch of substance abuse, addiction, and crime. Just as there is a percentage of people which live with cholesterol issues, or diabetes, the inmates learn how to adjust behavior, diet, and if necessary, take medications to further aid in the rehab process. By indoctrinating these positive processes into the inmate’s life, the programs help to establish better routines, and habits. Results seen after these periodic studies show that the more treatment distributed, the better. Statistics show that individuals who remain in these programs longer than 3 months have better outcomes than those who are not exposed to the same environment. Further research shows that those who receive treatment are more likely to obtain and retain a job. The ultimate goal is to provide the individual with a drug free life and a better education upon leaving the institutionalized way of living, but the immediate goal is to reduce substance abuse and drop recidivism rates through rehab programs. Drug treatment programs in prisons have proven that intervention and rehabilitation prevent the return to criminal behavior, primarily when linked to community based treatment upon parole. More successful programs have reduced the re-arrest rate by one fourth, to one half. While treatment; including a therapeutic community setting, and community based after care, reduces the likelihood of re-arrest to fifty seven percent, and reduces the likelihood of returning to drugs by sixty five percent. Drug abuse has a huge impact on the economy, with costs grossing an estimated sixty seven billion per year, all related to crime, medical care, drug treatment, and social welfare programs. Through the further expansion of education and reform through rehabilitation, studies show that these costs can be lowered. There are 5. 3 million Americans under some sort of supervised form of correction, with 1. 5 million actually incarcerated. There is a great need to understand this, as there are more people in prison at this time than any other period in American history. Studies of statistics as of 2002 reveal that one in one hundred American adults are behind bars, raising the total of people imprisoned in America to 2. 3 million total. Statistics like these show that America imprisons more of its citizens than any other country on the planet, further demonstrating that rehab programs are unsuccessful in reducing crime and substance abuse. On that same list is China in second place, and China has four times as many people as America, and is also a communistic country. America’s rate of imprisonment is greater than each country in Europe combined, as was revealed by the same study. These reports also indicated that one in thirty six Hispanic adults are currently imprisoned in the United states, as is every one out of nine African American males, age thirty to forty. The same report also went on to state that one in three black men will be imprisoned in their lifetime, and that a higher percent of the black population is incarcerated in America than in South Africa at the height of the Apartheid. It costs an average of twenty eight thousand eight hundred and seventy six dollars to imprison someone for a year in the United states, and in some states the cost even exceeds the cost of tuition and room and board at a prominent university, such as Brown. In twenty years the average costs in state spending has nearly quintupled to forty nine billion, and there have been no positive results, furthering proof that rehab and education programs do not affect recidivism rates. America imprisons more people than any other place in the world and still the majority of prisons fail to rehabilitate. In fact they do the opposite, as inmates are exploited by state facilities, forced to perform cheap labor, as individuals deal with overcrowding issues, such as aggression, and stress, which leads to substance abuse while incarcerated. Prisons do not stop crime or deal with the criminal mentality, instead, prisons promote perpetual violence, all while states increasingly create more prisons, and spend millions more on the failed rehab programs. Prisons hold key elements which could possibly offer the incarcerated a better future, if the tools given to the individuals are utilized. Education and guidance can be attained through programs that are instated for assistance. It is up to the individual to maintain the routines learned and use the education received to contribute to society and prove that reform has been accomplished. Still the questions remain, should prisons rehabilitate? Or, should they simply focus on locking these people up? Outdated laws fill prisons with low level inmates while training them to be hardened criminals, as recidivism rates rise, and billions of dollars are used towards criminal justice. Many imprisoned return to society, would not it be better to educate these individuals rather than have them conform to an institutionalized way of thinking, only to return to the institutions. The revolving doors are creating perpetual offenders and this system will continue to swell, as long as there are no forms of rehabilitation for those imprisoned.