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A Critical Analysis of the Policy Making Process in Public...

1. Introduction South Africa has changed over time and ever since the democratic elections lots of laws and policies have been changed as well. When a policy is being made it will always involve interaction between the population and the institutions that have to perform the policy making functions. Interaction takes place by means of elections, meetings between the people and officials, public opinion surveys, media campaigns, etc. No policy can be made in an disorderly manner, so if the information which is needed to decide on a new policy is not correct, no planning can be made. For example, if a policy must be made which involves the standards of schools, research surveys must be done in all the schools of the state. This must then be†¦show more content†¦The problem is the issue needs to be addressed, the player is the individual or group that is influential in forming a plan to address the problem in question, and the policy is the finalized course of action decided upon by the govern ment. (Schuster, 2009). The general public will make the government aware of an issue through writing letters and emails, or making phone calls to local government leaders, the issue is then brought forward during government meetings and the process for creating new public policies. 3.1 Key actors in public policy making process In essence Wasby (1973: 50) states that he population plays a huge role in policy making and that is why there will always be a numerous amount of role-players in policy-making. The main categories of actors in the policy making process are official actors who have statutory or constitutional responsibilities such as legislative, executive, and judiciary. Unofficial actors have participation with no explicit legal authority such as interest groups, media. Most of the critical work on public policy is done in committees, which review legislation, propose and vote on amendments, and, in the end, decide whether a bill will die at the committee level or be elevated for consideration by the full body. Legislatures consider bills submitted to them by the political executive office-bearers. The courts have the ability toShow MoreRelatedBidging The Gap Between Scholarship And Practice1200 Words   |  5 PagesThis analysis of the above journals will follow the same chronological order as the historical perspectives above. Two issues from each journal published within the last three years will be described and analyzed. Public Administration ReviewPAR volume 76 issue 1 was published in January/February 2016, volume 77 issue 2 was published in March/April 2017. 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Martyrdom’s Mass Media Manipulation Free Essays

The mass media plays an enormous role on every single aspect of society today, in every single modern culture in the world. In â€Å"Media and Martyrdom† by Faisal Devji, the author goes into great detail as to how the Islamic world, and especially Jihadists, utilize the mass media to their advantage. The jihad is defined as a series of global effects that have assumed a universality of their own. We will write a custom essay sample on Martyrdom’s Mass Media Manipulation or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is exhibited throughout all of the jihadist social order. Perhaps the most important way in which the jihad assumes its universality is through the mass media.The jihadist extremists use the availability of mass media coverage as an advantage in allowing them to really their ideals and messages, of which are usually aggressive and violent. The role of mass media in the jihad goes further than mere influence. Due in large part to the past and continued usage of mass media, the jihad has created media themes, images, visuals, and stereotypes. For most Islamic people, and a majority of the modern world, the jihad site is experienced visually, as a landscape initially made available by way of the international media, and then redacted in conversation, posters, art, literature, and many other mediums.Not only do landscapes of the jihad receive more airtime than any other object identified with Islam, but they also attract the world’s attention in unprecedented ways precisely because they are identified with Islam. In other words, jihadists are utilizing, manipulating, and controlling the coverage they receive through the international mass media. This is precisely how they effectively manage their world representation. For jihadists, martyrdom achieves absolutely zero meaning unless their actions are being witnessed in the mass media.This is obvious by the fact that martyr’s constantly leave behind videotapes after they carry out attacks, or even record the attack with intent to distribute their message through the channels of mass media. The sequence of events depicted in the videos is entirely scripted, and even include acts that are hardly an acceptable public spectacle for any traditional Muslim. A great example of such actions is the jihadist kissing his wife goodbye on camera. This is an inherently western occurrence that is simply against Muslim values. But as with all issues, there are always two different sides. The jihadist’s viewing the same exact coverage in the media has a totally different point of view. As jihadists watch mass media coverage of their actions, it is being compared to a soccer match or any other â€Å"televised spectacle† for the extremists. It is like they are cheering for their favorite team, rooting for the destruction and chaos that they hope to see transpire. I personally wholeheartedly agree with the author, and his analysis of how the Jihadists utilize mass media to their advantage.As with all news coverage in the mass media, the best place to get your information to report is directly from the source. And in this case, the source is intentionally controlling and manipulating the flow of information to the rest of the world to their advantage. I feel that the author obviously sees this, as a major problem for mass media, as do I, but unfortunately there is very little that can be done to prohibit Jihadist using mass media a tool. As the author states, martyrdom achieves meaning only by being witnessed in the mass media.The author’s argument is very well supported throughout the article. Constant relevant information is introduced throughout the article to maintain the author’s point. Pertinent and well-thought examples are also brought in to back up the author’s stance on issues. One paradigm that is made by the author is the fact that jihadists watching the same exact coverage on television look at it as a televised spectacle, similar to an American watching a playoff-sporting event. This is my favorite example that the author uses throughout the article to portray his message. Overall, I enjoyed the content that the author used to support the various arguments introduced in the article. As I briefly addressed earlier, there are two different positions that can be taken when reading and analyzing this article. The view of the Jihadist, and the view of the rest of the world are completely opposite when dissecting the work. The two views come from two basic camps of thought, that of the pro-jihadist, and that of the anti-jihadist. Depending on where you stand on the subject you will attract towards the camp of thought that is more comfortable for your ideals.For me though, and most other people engaged in the issue, except for the jihadists themselves of course, the position advocated by the author is the dominant one throughout the world today. It really is unfortunate that the entire world has to be subjected to the radical ideologies that the jihadists distribute. The only method to eradicate jihadist views and influences in mass media is to simply not show anything related to the matter. By doing so, their message will be harder to spread and as a result, less entangled in the mass media, which is for the better for the world as a whole. How to cite Martyrdom’s Mass Media Manipulation, Papers

Prison Rehabilitation Issue free essay sample

There are over 1. 5 million Americans incarcerated at this moment. With many leaving on parole, while others struggle with high re-arrest rates, many question whether prisons should rehabilitate for a substance and crime free re-entry into society. Those for rehabilitation argue that statistics support evidence that programs which educate convicts, allowing them to get G. E. D. s and participate in college programs work in helping offenders to lead better lives once outside prison walls. These arguments support that through education and drug rehabilitation that an individual enrolled in these programs has a better chance at staying free from incarceration. Non supporters of these educational programs argue that prisons should focus on justice and punishment rather than educate prisoners. Those against also support the ideas that crime will exist anyway, and that these added duties of teaching and rehabilitating are too much for staff to handle. By careful examination studies show that through rehabilitation and education offenders may be kept from returning to prison. We will write a custom essay sample on Prison Rehabilitation Issue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The main argument from the proactive side is that overall, treatment is better for addicts, who primarily fill prisons. There are four programs to assist addicts in the recovery process, therapeutic communities, short term residential treatment, and drug maintenance programs. Each of these programs has been proven to have a high success rate when it comes to the prevention of inmates returning to substance abuse and crime. Drug addiction and substance abuse has been recognized as a mental disorder which requires treatment, treatment that suites the individual and the needs that they may have, by acquiring an education and learning how to lead a drug free life. Through this level of treatment, patients get a grip and learn how to control themselves, allowing them to develop the skills needed to live without the crutch of substance abuse, addiction, and crime. Just as there is a percentage of people which live with cholesterol issues, or diabetes, the inmates learn how to adjust behavior, diet, and if necessary, take medications to further aid in the rehab process. By indoctrinating these positive processes into the inmate’s life, the programs help to establish better routines, and habits. Results seen after these periodic studies show that the more treatment distributed, the better. Statistics show that individuals who remain in these programs longer than 3 months have better outcomes than those who are not exposed to the same environment. Further research shows that those who receive treatment are more likely to obtain and retain a job. The ultimate goal is to provide the individual with a drug free life and a better education upon leaving the institutionalized way of living, but the immediate goal is to reduce substance abuse and drop recidivism rates through rehab programs. Drug treatment programs in prisons have proven that intervention and rehabilitation prevent the return to criminal behavior, primarily when linked to community based treatment upon parole. More successful programs have reduced the re-arrest rate by one fourth, to one half. While treatment; including a therapeutic community setting, and community based after care, reduces the likelihood of re-arrest to fifty seven percent, and reduces the likelihood of returning to drugs by sixty five percent. Drug abuse has a huge impact on the economy, with costs grossing an estimated sixty seven billion per year, all related to crime, medical care, drug treatment, and social welfare programs. Through the further expansion of education and reform through rehabilitation, studies show that these costs can be lowered. There are 5. 3 million Americans under some sort of supervised form of correction, with 1. 5 million actually incarcerated. There is a great need to understand this, as there are more people in prison at this time than any other period in American history. Studies of statistics as of 2002 reveal that one in one hundred American adults are behind bars, raising the total of people imprisoned in America to 2. 3 million total. Statistics like these show that America imprisons more of its citizens than any other country on the planet, further demonstrating that rehab programs are unsuccessful in reducing crime and substance abuse. On that same list is China in second place, and China has four times as many people as America, and is also a communistic country. America’s rate of imprisonment is greater than each country in Europe combined, as was revealed by the same study. These reports also indicated that one in thirty six Hispanic adults are currently imprisoned in the United states, as is every one out of nine African American males, age thirty to forty. The same report also went on to state that one in three black men will be imprisoned in their lifetime, and that a higher percent of the black population is incarcerated in America than in South Africa at the height of the Apartheid. It costs an average of twenty eight thousand eight hundred and seventy six dollars to imprison someone for a year in the United states, and in some states the cost even exceeds the cost of tuition and room and board at a prominent university, such as Brown. In twenty years the average costs in state spending has nearly quintupled to forty nine billion, and there have been no positive results, furthering proof that rehab and education programs do not affect recidivism rates. America imprisons more people than any other place in the world and still the majority of prisons fail to rehabilitate. In fact they do the opposite, as inmates are exploited by state facilities, forced to perform cheap labor, as individuals deal with overcrowding issues, such as aggression, and stress, which leads to substance abuse while incarcerated. Prisons do not stop crime or deal with the criminal mentality, instead, prisons promote perpetual violence, all while states increasingly create more prisons, and spend millions more on the failed rehab programs. Prisons hold key elements which could possibly offer the incarcerated a better future, if the tools given to the individuals are utilized. Education and guidance can be attained through programs that are instated for assistance. It is up to the individual to maintain the routines learned and use the education received to contribute to society and prove that reform has been accomplished. Still the questions remain, should prisons rehabilitate? Or, should they simply focus on locking these people up? Outdated laws fill prisons with low level inmates while training them to be hardened criminals, as recidivism rates rise, and billions of dollars are used towards criminal justice. Many imprisoned return to society, would not it be better to educate these individuals rather than have them conform to an institutionalized way of thinking, only to return to the institutions. The revolving doors are creating perpetual offenders and this system will continue to swell, as long as there are no forms of rehabilitation for those imprisoned.

Lord Of The Flies Chapter 9-12 Notes Essays -

Lord of the Flies: Chapter 9-12 Notes Lord of the Flies: Chapter 9-12 Notes 1. After Simon is killed, the next paragraph begins, "The clouds open and let the rain down like a waterfall..." When the boys kill Simon they not only kill him and spirituality, but what they perceive to be the beast. Because the beast was created by them and embodied all of their evils, one of its interpretations can be as mankind's sin. Simon is very similar to Jesus in this book. The Roman's ruled the world during Jesus' life, and now a similar bloodthirsty society rules the island during Simon's life. Both are killed by such a society, and both sacrifice themselves so that mankind's sin can be forgiven. When Simon dies, the rain washes away not only spirituality, but also the beast and all of the sins that accompany it. Golding writes that the water bounded from the mountaintop. Because the mountain top represented the peak of society, this could be interpreted to state that all of society carries sin, even the glorious moments of it, and that Simon's sacrifice was extended to the boys' entire stay on the island and the sin that was committed during that period of time. This is also similar to Jesus' sacrifice that was for all of mankind's sins, not just the sins of the Roman society that killed him. After Simon has been killed, the figures stagger away. By referring to the boys as figures, they are no longer individuals, but the nameless men who are the vehicle that society uses to carry out its evil deeds. It is no longer of relevance who did what because it was the entire society that killed Simon. This can be related to other societies, such as Nazi Germany. Today Hitler is credited with most of the responsibility for World War II. We do not like to blame German society for it because that would mean that we are also capable of this if we had to endure the circumstances of 1940's Germany. We cannot blame the German race for these problems, as they are a characteristic of humanity. We fought World War II against the forces of racism, but we ourselves treated the Japanese very poorly while all of this was going on. Although we too went through the depression, we did not have the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles against us. When any society has such horrible circumstances, they tend to look for a scapegoat, such as a race of people. If Hitler did not enjoy such great public support he would not have come to power. It is also very difficult for a nation to declare war without public support. It is therefore significant that figures staggered away because it was the whole society, and not just Jack who killed Simon. It is also interesting to note that during the course of this book the boys' civilization falls from glory. They then create a beast as a scapegoat, claiming that they can no longer climb the mountain, and therefore return to the glory of their civilization because of it. When Simon dies Golding refers to him as the beast. This not only can be interpreted by the Jesus theory as stated above, but by a new theory that establishes Simon as society's scapegoat. It can also be interpreted to state that the beast is all of mankind's gifts such as spirituality, when they are suppressed and murdered by society, crippling its ability to function. When Simon is killed he lays still only a few yards from sea. It is important to know that all life originates from the sea, where it arose in primitive form. This is significant for two reasons; it tells us that spirituality is an ancient and instinctive trait of man, and that the boys society, that came away from the mountain (peak of society) and towards the ocean to kill Simon, had returned from civilization to a more primitive and savage form in doing so. Because the beast (Simon) is small, society's problem is not the beast itself, but the way it is dealt with. When Simon's blood stains the sand, his death and the savage society that killed him forever taint the island. No matter what might happen in the future, Simon will always be dead and because of the blood in the sand this cannot be forgotten. The sand and ultimately the island being stained with blood also have meaning. Because the society as inhabits the island, the island can be

Ue o Muite Arukou by Kyuu Sakamoto †Sukiyaki Song

Ue o Muite Arukou by Kyuu Sakamoto – Sukiyaki Song Listening or singing a song is a great way to learn a language. With a melody, it is easier to mimic words and sing along even you dont understand the meaning. Here is a great song called, Ue o Muite Arukou by Kyuu Sakamoto released in 1961. The title, Ue o Muite Arukou translates into, I look up when I walk. However, it is known as Sukiyaki in the United States. The title Sukiyaki was chosen because it is easier to pronounce for Americans, and it is a word that they associate with Japan. Sukiyaki is a kind of Japanese stew and has nothing to do with the song. The song topped the pop charts for three weeks in 1963. It is the only Japanese language song to hit #1 in the US. It sold over 13 million copies internationally. According to recent news, the British singer, Susan Boyle, will be covering the song as a bonus track for the Japanese version of her third album. Tragically, Sakamoto was killed when Japan Airlines Flight 123 crashed in 1985. He was 43 years old. All 15 crew and 505 out of 509 passengers died, for a total of 520 deaths and only 4 survivors. It remains the worst single airline disaster in history. Japanese Lyrics Ue o muite arukou ä ¸Å Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥ â€˜Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã¦ ­ ©Ã£ â€œÃ£ â€ Namida ga koborenai youni æ ¶â„¢Ã£ Å'㠁“㠁 ¼Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ªÃ£ â€žÃ£â€šË†Ã£ â€ Ã£  «Omoidasu haru no hi æ€ Ã£ â€žÃ¥â€¡ ºÃ£ â„¢ æ˜ ¥Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Hitoribocchi no yoru ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ º ºÃ£  ¼Ã£  £Ã£  ¡Ã£  ®Ã¥ ¤Å" Ue o mute aurkou ä ¸Å Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥ â€˜Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã¦ ­ ©Ã£ â€œÃ£ â€ Nijinda hoshi o kazoete 㠁 «Ã£ ËœÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£   Ã¦ËœÅ¸Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¦â€¢ °Ã£ Ë†Ã£  ¦Omoidasu natsu no hi æ€ Ã£ â€žÃ¥â€¡ ºÃ£ â„¢ Ã¥ ¤ Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Hitoribocchi no yoru ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ º ºÃ£  ¼Ã£  £Ã£  ¡Ã£  ®Ã¥ ¤Å" Shiawase wa kumo no ue ni Ã¥ ¹ ¸Ã£ â€ºÃ£  ¯ é› ²Ã£  ®Ã¤ ¸Å Ã£  «Shiawase wa sora no ue ni Ã¥ ¹ ¸Ã£ â€ºÃ£  ¯ ç © ºÃ£  ®Ã¤ ¸Å Ã£  « Ue o muite arukou ä ¸Å Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥ â€˜Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã¦ ­ ©Ã£ â€œÃ£ â€ Namida ga koborenai youni æ ¶â„¢Ã£ Å'㠁“㠁 ¼Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ªÃ£ â€žÃ£â€šË†Ã£ â€ Ã£  «Nakinagara aruku æ ³ £Ã£  Ã£  ªÃ£ Å'ら æ ­ ©Ã£  Hitoribocchi no yoru ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ º ºÃ£  ¼Ã£  £Ã£  ¡Ã£  ®Ã¥ ¤Å"(Whistling) Omoidasu aki no hi æ€ Ã£ â€žÃ¥â€¡ ºÃ£ â„¢ ç §â€¹Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Hitoribocchi no yoru ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ º ºÃ£  ¼Ã£  £Ã£  ¡Ã£  ®Ã¥ ¤Å" Kanashimi wa hoshi no kage ni æ‚ ²Ã£ â€"㠁 ¿Ã£  ¯Ã¦ËœÅ¸Ã£  ®Ã¥ ½ ±Ã£  «Kanashimi wa tsuki no kage ni æ‚ ²Ã£ â€"㠁 ¿Ã£  ¯Ã¦Å"ˆã  ®Ã¥ ½ ±Ã£  « Ue o muite arukou ä ¸Å Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥ â€˜Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã¦ ­ ©Ã£ â€œÃ£ â€ Namida ga koborenai youni æ ¶â„¢Ã£ Å'㠁“㠁 ¼Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ªÃ£ â€žÃ£â€šË†Ã£ â€ Ã£  «Nakinagara aruku æ ³ £Ã£  Ã£  ªÃ£ Å'ら æ ­ ©Ã£  Hitoribocchi no yoru ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ º ºÃ£  ¼Ã£  £Ã£  ¡Ã£  ®Ã¥ ¤Å"(Whistling) Here is the translation of the Japanese lyrics. The English version of Sukiyaki recorded by A Taste of Honey doesnt have a literal translation. English Version I look up when I walkSo that the tears wont fallRemembering those spring daysBut I am all alone tonight I look up when I walkCounting the stars with tearful eyesRemembering those summer daysBut I am all alone tonight Happiness lies beyond the cloudsHappiness lies above the sky I look up when I walkSo that the tears wont fallThough the tears well up as I walkFor tonight I am all alone(Whistling) Remembering those autumn daysBut I am all alone tonight Sadness lies in the shadow of the starsSadness lurks in the shadow of the moon I look up as I walkSo that the tears wont fallThough the tears well up as I walkFor tonight I am all alone(Whistling) Grammar Notes Muite is te-form of the verb muku (to face). The te-form is used to connect two or more verbs. In this sentence, the verbs muku and aruku are connected.Arukou is volitional form of the verb, aruku (to walk).Koborenai is the negative form of the verb, koboreru (to fall, to drop) ~ youni. ~ youni means, in order that ~. Nai youni means, in order not to ~. Here are some examples.Gakkou ni okurenai youni hayaku okiru. Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦   ¡Ã£  «Ã© â€¦Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ªÃ£ â€žÃ£â€šË†Ã£ â€ Ã£  «Ã¦â€" ©Ã£  Ã¨ µ ·Ã£  Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š- I get up early so that Im not late for school.Kaze o hikanai youni ki o tsuketeiru. 㠁‹ã Å"を㠁 ²Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ£â€šË†Ã£ â€ Ã£  «Ã¦ °â€"を㠁 ¤Ã£ â€˜Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š- Im taking care of myself so that I dont catch a cold.Nijinda is informal perfective ending for the verb, nijimu (to blot, to blur). It modifies the noun, hoshi (star). It means with teary eyes the stars looked blurry.~ nagara of nakinagara  indicates that two actions are taking place simultaneously. Here are some examples.Terebi o minagara, asagohan o taberu. ãÆ'†ãÆ' ¬Ã£Æ'“ã‚’è ¦â€¹Ã£  ªÃ£ Å'ら〠Ã¦Å" Ã£ â€Ã£  ¯Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£â€šâ€™Ã© £Å¸Ã£  ¹Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š- I watch television while I eat breakfast.Ongaku o kikinagara, benkyou suru. éŸ ³Ã¦ ¥ ½Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ Å¾Ã£  Ã£  ªÃ£ Å'ら〠Ã¥â€¹â€°Ã¥ ¼ ·Ã£ â„¢Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š- I listen to music while I study.

Competition Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Competition Theories - Essay Example The primary role of government then is to ensure the flexibility of the market through supply-side policies. There were three main theories used to justify this - Free Market Theory, Say's Law, and the Quantity Theory of Money. In the Free Market Theory, it is assumed that if they economy were left to fend for itself, then it would tend to full employment equilibrium. For instance, in a classical scenario a surplus of labor equates into unemployment, which results in falling wages. Once wages fall, there would be an increased demand in labor, and hence equilibrium is achieved. Say's Law (named after 19th century economist Jean Baptiste Say) argues that "supply creates its own demand", and gives credence to the traditional belief that the economy will make provisions for full employment. It states that an increase in supply will always have a resulting increase in demand, and since there will be no shortage in demand jobs will always be available. Unemployment would thus be temporary as the pattern of demand adjusts itself. Lastly, the traditional view of inflation is based on the Quantity Theory of Money. Quite simply, this outlines that an increase in the money supply would lead to inflation. Thus, if the money supply could be controlled, inflation would be at a low. The Neoclassic approach to perfect competition essentially defines a competitive market as one in which there are a large number of small firms, all selling a homogenous good and possessing perfect knowledge. Using this analysis, it is the structure of the market which determines the inherent competitiveness of the market. The Austrian school of thought firmly rejects this. Hunt (2000) states that the "Austrian school's theory of competition is noted for its insistence that competition is a process, and is not a thing, place, or collective entity." (p. 26) To the Austrian economist, competition is defined by rivalrous behavior, meaning competition is simply offering better deals than the prevailing competition. Competition arises from one firm establishing a pronounced differentiator that is parlayed into a sustainable competitive advantage against other firms. Now, because firms in the real world do not have access to perfect information, the viability of a competitive strategy wou ld not be known. Ergo, if one is to assume perfect knowledge, then in essence you are placing by the wayside the pressing quagmire that competition is supposed to solve. Consumer preferences are not handed on a silver platter, by taking part in the competition process firms discover them. Likewise, the cost-effectiveness of a firm's technology is never freely provided, this is something that is learned as well. This makes the basic tenet of the Austrian theory of competition as "knowledge-discovery" - the challenge of working one's way through relatively incomplete information. In relative comparison, the Post- Keynesian theory of competition revolves around the premise of each plant being built on a scale lower than the optimum one. Soon after, the long-term average cost is prone to decrease and may lead to significantly increasing returns. Straffa (1926) put it succinctly in stating that "firms operating under perfect competition must be subject to decreasing returns of scale, and that increasing returns would only exist in the presence of a monopoly. (p. 535) The foundation of the Keynesian theory

The Reinvention of Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Reinvention of Marriage - Essay Example Marano wrote about marital therapist Liberty Kovacs' research and findings, based on theoretical bravado from group dynamics, theories of adult development, and family systems, of the six stages that marriages go through. Kovacs developed a system which tracks the paths of marital relationships as they evolve in intimacy and mutuality and finds that these paths are predictable in marriages. The six stages are highly distinct and marriages do not necessarily move from one stage to the next in an orderly fashion. A marriage may be stuck in one stage for years or it may go back to another stage. Instead of progressing in a linear pattern, the stages move in a circular pattern. The six stages include: Stage One-Romance (Honeymoon) Fusion; Stage Two-Expectations Compromise; Stage Three-Power Struggle; Stage Four-Seven-Year Itch Competition; Stage Five-Reconciliation Cooperation; Stage Six-Acceptance Collaboration. Being able to look at marriage as a predictable pattern, which involves phases that couples go through, helps couples to be aware of what they are going through and how to deal with them. The knowledge that these phases are part of what marriages go through helps couples to know that this is a natural cyclic process and that they are not alone as all marriages go through these stages in time, as research has discovered. ... Being aware of the stages of marriage allows a couple to customize and design a marriage that will help them work through the six stages then instead of trial and error attempts at a guessing game, there is a more tried and true approach. Couples are able to view the blueprint as they are aware of the stages and can customize the path/solution to take. A strong marriage does not happen overnight and instant gratification should not be what one looks for. Poor conflict management is the key in developing a healthy marriage as it moves through the stages. The art of arguing, as Kovacs calls it, is learning how to communicate effectively and to learn the skills of problem solving. It is important that men and women understand their differences in how they handle conflict and experience pain. By understanding each other's points of view and natural way of responding, conflict management and problem solving can be more easily accomplished. Along with better conflict management methods "th e positive affect", or the expression of affection, must also be incorporated. A sense of humor, empathy, agreement, and other positive actions are aspects of "the positive affect" which shows expressions of affection. This article is relevant to psychology because as the "Elmer" Social Science Dictionary (2003) defines the word psychology, it deals with the "Scientific study of human behavior, mental processes, and how they are affected and/or affect an individuals or group's physical state, mental state, and external environment. Its goal is to describe, understand, predict, and modify behavior." The findings of this article and the research that was conducted can be applied toward not only marriages but basically, any

Women's Liberation and Sixties Radicalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women's Liberation and Sixties Radicalism - Essay Example The essay "Women's Liberation and Sixties Radicalism" presents the analysis of the paper "Nothing Distant About It: Women's liberation and Sixties Radicalism" written by Alice Echols which revolves around the liberation of women in the 1960s and the reasons behind it. It begins with the boycott on the Miss America Pageant and the different ways used by the female demonstrators to interrupt the on-goings of the show. It then speaks of the adversity that met these women as they continue to show their aggravated sentiment. Not only are they taunted and jeered at by men but their popularity is also compared to the â€Å"anti-war† movement. The latter bit of the essay goes on to talk about the cultivating factors behind the movement. This included the women’s taste of social and economic freedom. The new labor force shifted the need from labor to services, which could be easily accommodated by the new college-educated females. Also, the financial needs of the house had incre ased with the introduction of technology and one earner could no longer fulfill the needs of the entire family. Echols then gives the main reason behind the success of the feminist movement: the presence of other oppositional movements. Along with this was the women’s ability to incorporate Marxist and other ideologies to better understand their own oppression. A brief tussle with NOW (National Organization for Women) over the introduction of personal life into the public sphere separated the feminists from the liberationists of NOW.

What Are Smart Meters Information Technology Essay

What Are Smart Meters Information Technology Essay The aim of this research project is to give a critical review of the smart metering system. Climate change needs to be tackled and one of the possible solutions is the smart metering system, as it allows users to monitor and reduce their energy usage. This report will look at the past metering systems and their problems, the present metering systems and how they can be improved for future metering systems. The project will try to analyse the current issues like costs and how these can be reduced. Introduction Over The last decade, businesses have been increasingly talking about smart technology. Mercedes, for example, developed the Smart Car; there is the concept of Smart Money, and nowadays almost everybody is carrying the latest technology with Smart Phones. The utility industry is also taking part in this wave of Smart concepts, with the development of Smart Meters, which is fast becoming a topic which promotes various discussions on Smart Grids. Smart metering is a topic which has been getting a lot of coverage in the media and amongst many of the Engineering institutes. It is a topic which promises many benefits, both to customers, utility companies and the environment. Global warming and climate change are topics that, at the present date, we are seeing regularly on the news and in newspapers. It is a topic which has become the norm for discussions and debates. Global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gasses resulting from human activity such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. There are a number of ways we can fight climate change as individuals. One of the best ways is to reduce the unnecessary consumption of energy from goods and services in all aspects of life. This could be anything from driving on short trips to the shops, to taking several holidays a year on aeroplanes. There are alternative methods to these actions for example, walking or cycling to the shops. Concerns about the greenhouse effect, global warming, air pollution and energy security has resulted in increased public and government interest in the development of renewable energy sources. Many people are unaware of the amount of energy that they are using unnecessarily around the house or at work, and are unaware of the consequences it is having on the environment. The present financial economy is also posing a problem and more people are realising how important it is to save money. People are trying to save money in all aspects of life including on their energy bills but are unaware of how much energy they are consuming. Allowing customers to be aware of the amount of energy they are using makes a very big difference to our overall energy consumption. If we are aware of how much energy we are using, basic changes in our lifestyle will help to reduce this level of consumption, for example, ensuring all lights are switched off when leaving a room, switching off electrical devices over night rather than leaving them on standby. A solution is needed that will allow us to minimize the amount of energy we use in our day to day activities without changing our lifestyles dramatically. This is where the smart metering system comes in. Brief Overview of Smart Meters and Smart Metering 2.01 What are Smart Meters? Smart meters are the next generation of gas and electricity meters. They collect information about your energy use electronically.[1] [1] http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk (visit date: 18/11/09) Smart meters are digital meters which collect, store, and display information with regards to the energy usage. The digital meter can communicate between utilities to control the energy usage in a house or a business. This information is available to both the supplier of energy and the customer. It displays real-time information of not only the energy usage but also the tariffs. The smart meter will allow customers to control the amount of energy they use. 2.02 What is Smart metering? Smart Metering electronic remote, real time monitoring or collection of usage data is achieved by the use of communications enabled utilities meters.[2] [2] http://www.beamaenergy.org.uk (visit date: 18/11/09) BEAMAEnergy, the UK trade association group for the controls, metering and energy related communications industries, define smart metering as the statement shown above. From this statement we can determine that the term smart metering is given to a metering system which communicates wirelessly between utilities and a Smart meter, to determine the amount of energy being used. Figure 1: Smart Metering System Figure 1 above shows a smart metering system. It consists of a sensor which is connected to the meter. Figure 1 shows an electricity meter, but this could be a gas meter or even a water meter. The sensor picks up the usage data and sends this information to the portable display unit, or the smart meter, via a transmitter. There are three concepts relating to the collection of the data in the smart metering system, AMR, AMM and AMI. Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) is a remote reading system based on advanced technologies which allow utilities to read electronic meters over long distances. Through AMR, the energy consumption can be read on an annual, monthly, weekly, daily or on an hourly basis. Consumption and status data, such as time stamps, are through various connection media being transmitted to a central system for billing and analysis. The automatic data collection enables billing based on real time consumption as opposed to an estimated consumption. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) refers to systems that measure, read and analyse energy consumption. These systems are also able to read electricity, gas, heat and water meters remotely. AMI systems can be defined as an extension of the simpler AMR-system. The AMI always communicates two-way and comprises the whole range of metering devices, software, communication media, and data management systems. Automated Meter Management (AMM) or Smart Metering is another expansion of a remote reading system that includes the possibility of performing technical measurements and functions and carrying out customer-orientated services via the system. [3] [3] http://www.thegreendifference.info/12792/AMR%2C-AMM%2C-AMI (Visit date: 21/11/09) In order to fully understand the smart metering systems and its benefits, we were required to investigate the energy management systems of the past, identify its problems and what properties does smart metering have that overcome these problems. Past Energy Management Systems Mechanical What was it? Advantages? Disadvantages? Problems? How has it developed over the years? 4.0 Present Energy Management Systems Digital The current system in place, or which is currently being implemented is the Smart Metering system. It involves the installation of a digital meter at both residential and business customers, and the reading, processing and feedback of energy consumption data to the customer. The smart meter has the following capabilities: Real-time or near-time registration of energy usage and locally generated energy Smart meter -how does it work? PLC 4.1 Delivery Models There are three delivery models that are being considered for the arrangement of responsibilities for smart metering and related communications services. These options were given a full analysis for the Government by Baringa Partners. On the basis of the analysis, the Governments preferred method is a model which: Gas and electricity supply companies will have responsibility for the provision of smart meters; and A single provider will be appointed centrally to provide communications services to and from meters. 4.11 Competitive Model The competitive model is based on the existing metering market model, where electricity and gas suppliers are free to determine their own deployment strategy, choose the metering services they require and have the ability to contract the management of such services. Suppliers would remain responsible for all other metering services. 4.12 Central Communications Model This option would introduce a new market function to implement and manage communication infrastructure and data carriage, whilst maintaining metering competition. The communications provider would be organised on a national basis. All suppliers would be obliged to use the central communication function via licence conditions. Suppliers would also remain responsible for all other metering services. 4.13 Fully Centralised Model This option would introduce regional franchises to manage meter asset selection, ownership, deployment and maintenance, via a time based competitive franchise or licence awarded under competition. Communications services would be managed centrally as under the previous option. Predicted Costs for Each Model Current Projects around the world (what have the results shown in each project, their standards etc) Advantages of smart metering Disadvantages of smart metering Security (General security, i.e. environmental effects, wireless vs wired; cyber security) Case Study? UK Energy companys analysis on implementing smart metering 5.0 Future Prospects? Intelligent home Intelligent Meter 6.0 Conclusion

Self Interest in the Political Philosophies of Mill and Locke Essay

Charles Baudelaire, a well-known English poet, once said that â€Å"Nature... is nothing but the inner voice of self-interest.† The philosophical theme of self-interest has been a common idea among political thinkers for many years. In any issue that is linked to the realm of political philosophy, the role of self-interest within a society must be considered. The role of self-interest within a society is the basis for the moral thinking that involves weighing the â€Å"needs and obligations of an individual against the goods of the individual and in turn society† (The Role of Self interest in Political Philosophy). Before confronting an issue within a society, a political thinker must decide whether or not people are ultimately self-interested. The government system of checks and balances was established to confront the issue of self-interest. The political thinkers, John Stuart Mill and John Locke unveiled the mysteries of what it meant to live in freedom and posses s liberty, in which the self-interest of humanity does not impose on the rights of others. Both Locke and Mills believed that in order to govern over a society, people must have freedom. The difference between these political thinkers lies in how much freedom people should be entitled to within a political society. In order to understand how Mill and Locke came to the conclusion of how much freedom a person should possess, we must understand what a political thinker perceives as freedom and liberty. In John Locke’s writings, The Second Treaties of Government, he states that â€Å"all men exist in a state of perfect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possessions and person as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave or depend... ... Cited "Charles Baudelaire Quotes - BrainyQuote." Famous Quotes at BrainyQuote. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. . "Excerpts from John Stuart Mill, ON LIBERTY." Ashland University. Web. 05 Dec. 2011. . "John Locke: Second Treatise of Civil Government." Index. Web. 04 Dec. 2011. . "Lanterns of Liberty." Lanterns of Liberty | Illuminating the Truth. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. . "On Liberty by John Stuart Mill." Utilitarianism : Past, Present and Future. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. . Social Apartheid in Tri-Cities Bristol Virginia-Tennessee. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. . Web.